Alice gave Bob two integers $a$ and $b$ ($a \gt 0$ and $b \ge 0$). Being a curious boy, Bob wrote down an array of non-negative integers with $\operatorname{MEX}$ value of all elements equal to $a$ and $\operatorname{XOR}$ value of all elements equal to $b$.

What is the shortest possible length of the array Bob wrote?

Recall that the $\operatorname{MEX}$ (Minimum EXcluded) of an array is the minimum non-negative integer that does not belong to the array and the $\operatorname{XOR}$ of an array is the bitwise XOR of all the elements of the array.

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains an integer $t$ ($1 \leq t \leq 5 \cdot 10^4$) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line of each test case contains two integers $a$ and $b$ ($1 \leq a \leq 3 \cdot 10^5$; $0 \leq b \leq 3 \cdot 10^5$) — the $\operatorname{MEX}$ and $\operatorname{XOR}$ of the array, respectively.

Output

For each test case, output one (positive) integer — the length of the shortest array with $\operatorname{MEX}$ $a$ and $\operatorname{XOR}$ $b$. We can show that such an array always exists.

Note

In the first test case, one of the shortest arrays with $\operatorname{MEX}$ $1$ and $\operatorname{XOR}$ $1$ is $[0, 2020, 2021]$.

In the second test case, one of the shortest arrays with $\operatorname{MEX}$ $2$ and $\operatorname{XOR}$ $1$ is $[0, 1]$.

It can be shown that these arrays are the shortest arrays possible.