Codeforces Round 992 (Div. 2)
E
Control of Randomness
Codeforces
2100
原题
← DF →
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You are given a tree with $n$ vertices.

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Let's place a robot in some vertex $v \ne 1$, and suppose we initially have $p$ coins. Consider the following process, where in the $i$-th step (starting from $i = 1$):

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  • If $i$ is odd, the robot moves to an adjacent vertex in the direction of vertex $1$;
  • Else, $i$ is even. You can either pay one coin (if there are some left) and then the robot moves to an adjacent vertex in the direction of vertex $1$, or not pay, and then the robot moves to an adjacent vertex chosen uniformly at random.
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The process stops as soon as the robot reaches vertex $1$. Let $f(v, p)$ be the minimum possible expected number of steps in the process above if we spend our coins optimally.

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Answer $q$ queries, in the $i$-th of which you have to find the value of $f(v_i, p_i)$, modulo$^{\text{∗}}$ $998\,244\,353$.

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$^{\text{∗}}$ Formally, let $M = 998\,244\,353$. It can be shown that the answer can be expressed as an irreducible fraction $\frac{p}{q}$, where $p$ and $q$ are integers and $q \not \equiv 0 \pmod{M}$. Output the integer equal to $p \cdot q^{-1} \bmod M$. In other words, output such an integer $x$ that $0 \le x \lt M$ and $x \cdot q \equiv p \pmod{M}$.

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Input

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Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases $t$ ($1 \le t \le 10^3$). The description of the test cases follows.

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The first line of each test case contains two integers $n$ and $q$ ($2 \le n \le 2 \cdot 10^3$; $1 \le q \le 2 \cdot 10^3$) — the number of vertices in the tree and the number of queries.

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The next $n - 1$ lines contain the edges of the tree, one edge per line. The $i$-th line contains two integers $u_i$ and $v_i$ ($1 \le u_i, v_i \le n$; $u_i \neq v_i$), denoting the edge between the nodes $u_i$ and $v_i$.

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The next $q$ lines contain two integers $v_i$ and $p_i$ ($2 \le v_i \le n$; $0 \le p_i \le n$).

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It's guaranteed that the given edges form a tree.

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It is guaranteed that the sum of $n$ over all test cases does not exceed $2 \cdot 10 ^ 3$.

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It is guaranteed that the sum of $q$ over all test cases does not exceed $2 \cdot 10 ^ 3$.

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Output

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For each test case, print $q$ integers: the values of $f(v_i, p_i)$ modulo $998\,244\,353$.

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Formally, let $M = 998\,244\,353$. It can be shown that the answer can be expressed as an irreducible fraction $\frac{p}{q}$, where $p$ and $q$ are integers and $q \not \equiv 0 \pmod{M}$. Output the integer equal to $p \cdot q^{-1} \bmod M$. In other words, output such an integer $x$ that $0 \le x \lt M$ and $x \cdot q \equiv p \pmod{M}$.

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Note

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The tree in the first test case:

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image

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In the first query, the expected value is equal to $1$, since the robot starts moving from vertex $2$ to vertex $1$ in the first step and the process stops.

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Let's calculate the expected value in the second query ($x$ is the number of steps):

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  • $P(x \lt 2) = 0$, the distance to vertex $1$ is $2$ and the robot cannot reach it in fewer steps.
  • $P(x = 2) = \frac{1}{3}$, since there is only one sequence of steps leading to $x = 2$. This is $3 \rightarrow_{1} 2 \rightarrow_{0.33} 1$ with probability $1 \cdot \frac{1}{3}$.
  • $P(x \bmod 2 = 1) = 0$, since the robot can reach vertex $1$ by only taking an even number of steps.
  • $P(x = 4) = \frac{2}{9}$: possible paths $3 \rightarrow_{1} 2 \rightarrow_{0.67} [3, 4] \rightarrow_{1} 2 \rightarrow_{0.33} 1$.
  • $P(x = 6) = \frac{4}{27}$: possible paths $3 \rightarrow_{1} 2 \rightarrow_{0.67} [3, 4] \rightarrow_{1} 2 \rightarrow_{0.67} [3, 4] \rightarrow_{1} 2 \rightarrow_{0.33} 1$.
  • $P(x = i \cdot 2) = \frac{2^{i - 1}}{3^i}$ in the general case.
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As a result, $f(v, p) = \sum\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}{i \cdot 2 \cdot \frac{2^{i - 1}}{3^i}} = 6$.

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The tree in the second test case:

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image

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样例

Input #1
2
4 4
1 2
2 3
2 4
2 0
3 0
4 0
3 1
12 10
1 2
2 3
2 4
1 5
5 6
6 7
6 8
6 9
8 10
10 11
10 12
6 0
9 0
10 0
11 0
3 1
7 1
10 1
12 1
12 2
11 12
Output #1
1
6
6
2
4
9
8
15
2
3
6
9
5
5
InputCopy OutputCopy
题目信息
题号
2040E
时间限制
2 s
内存限制
256 MB
标签
组合数学
DFS 及类似
动态规划
图论
贪心
数学
概率论
树

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