Codeforces Round 880 (Div. 1)
E
Old Mobile
Codeforces
3500
原题
← DF →
翻译中…

During the latest mission of the starship U.S.S. Coder, Captain Jan Bitovsky was accidentally teleported to the surface of an unknown planet.

翻译中…

Trying to find his way back, Jan found an artifact from planet Earth's ancient civilization — a mobile device capable of interstellar calls created by Byterola. Unfortunately, there was another problem. Even though Jan, as a representative of humans, knew perfectly the old notation of the cell phone numbers, the symbols on the device's keyboard were completely worn down and invisible to the human eye. The old keyboards had exactly $m + 1$ buttons, one for each digit from the base $m$ numerical system, and one single backspace button allowing one to erase the last written digit (if nothing was written on the screen, then this button does nothing, but it's still counted as pressed).

翻译中…

Jan would like to communicate with his crew. He needs to type a certain number (also from the base $m$ numerical system, that is, digits from $0$ to $m - 1$). He wants to know the expected number of button presses necessary to contact the U.S.S. Coder. Jan always chooses the most optimal buttons based on his current knowledge. Buttons are indistinguishable until pressed. Help him!

翻译中…

Input

翻译中…

In the first line of input, there are two integer numbers $n$ and $m$ ($1 \le n \le 10^6$, $2 \le m \le 10^3$) — the length of the number to U.S.S. Coder and the base of the numerical system.

翻译中…

In the next and the last input line, there are $n$ integers between $0$ and $m - 1$: the number to type in the base $m$ numerical system.

翻译中…

Output

翻译中…

Output the expected number of button presses modulo $1\,000\,000\,007$.

翻译中…

Formally, let $M = 1\,000\,000\,007$. It can be shown that the answer can be expressed as an irreducible fraction $\frac{p}{q}$, where $p$ and $q$ are integers and $q \not \equiv 0 \pmod{M}$. Output the integer equal to $p \cdot q^{-1} \bmod M$. In other words, output such an integer $x$ that $0 \le x \lt M$ and $x \cdot q \equiv p \pmod{M}$.

翻译中…

Note

翻译中…

In the first example, two digits ($0$ and $1$) and a backspace button are available on the keyboard. Jan has no way of knowing which one is which, so he presses a random one.

翻译中…

With probability $\frac{1}{3}$, he presses $0$ and manages to type the crew's number.

翻译中…

With probability $\frac{1}{3}$, he presses backspace, and nothing happens. Then with probability $\frac{1}{2}$ he manages to press $0$ (finishing the process). Otherwise, with probability $\frac{1}{2}$, he types $1$, which he then needs to remove with backspace and hit the last button, which has to be $0$. In this case, he needs $4$ button presses.

翻译中…

At last, he might press the $1$ button first, also with probability $\frac{1}{3}$. Then, if he presses the backspace with a chance of $50\%$, he is all set and only needs to press the last button (3 presses in total). In the worst case, he would press the $0$ button first and need to remove both with backspace, then finally type the number $0$ (5 presses in total).

翻译中…

We get the expected value of $\frac{16}{6}$. The modular inverse of $6$ modulo $1\;000\;000\;007$ is $166666668$, so $16 \cdot 166666668 = 666666674 \mod \; 1\;000\;000\;007$

翻译中…

样例

Input #1
1 2
0
Output #1
666666674
InputCopy OutputCopy
Input #2
2 3
0 0
Output #2
916666678
InputCopy OutputCopy
Input #3
2 3
0 1
Output #3
500000009
InputCopy OutputCopy
题目信息
题号
1835E
时间限制
2 s
内存限制
256 MB
标签
组合数学
动态规划
概率论

题面与样例版权归 Codeforces 及出题人所有;中文翻译由 AI 生成(CI 管线),如有出入请以原文为准。