For an array $b$ of $m$ integers, a pair of indices $(l, r)$ ($l \lt r$) is called good if $b_l = b_r$ and there is no index $i$ ($l \lt i \lt r$) such that $b_i \ge b_l$.

We say that an index $i$ is covered by a good pair $(l, r)$ if $l \le i \le r$.

The array $b$ is called beautiful if every index is covered by at least one good pair.

You are given an array $a$ of $n$ integers. You can perform the following operation with it: choose two integers $i$ and $x$ ($1 \le i \le n$, $1 \le x \le 10^9$) and set $a_i = x$.

Find the minimum number of operations required to make the array beautiful. Also, output the operations. It can be shown that it is always possible to make the array beautiful using at most $n$ operations.

Input

Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases $t$ ($1 \le t \le 10^4$). The description of the test cases follows.

The first line of each test case contains a single integer $n$ ($2 \le n \le 2 \cdot 10^5$) — the length of the array $a$.

The second line of each test case contains $n$ integers $a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n$ ($1 \le a_i \le 10^9$) — the array $a$.

It is guaranteed that the sum of $n$ over all test cases does not exceed $2 \cdot 10^5$.

Output

For each test case, output a single integer $k$ ($0 \le k \le n$) — the minimum number of operations.

Then output $k$ lines describing the operations in the order they are applied. Each of these lines should contain two integers $i$ and $x$ ($1 \le i \le n$, $1 \le x \le 10^9$) — the index and the new value of the corresponding operation.

If there are multiple optimal sequences of operations, output any of them.

Note

In the first example, the array $a = [1, 2, 3]$ has no good pairs at all, so it is not beautiful. After the operation with $i = 1$ and $x = 3$, the array becomes $[3, 2, 3]$. The pair $(1, 3)$ is good because its endpoints are both $3$ and its only internal value is $2 \lt 3$, so it covers all three indices.

In the second example, the array $a = [5, 3, 2, 5, 1, 7, 9, 9]$ has exactly two good pairs, $(1, 4)$ and $(7, 8)$, so the indices $5$ and $6$ are not covered. The operation with $i = 5$ and $x = 7$ turns the array into $[5, 3, 2, 5, 7, 7, 9, 9]$: the pairs $(1, 4)$ and $(7, 8)$ are still good, and the new good pair $(5, 6)$ covers the two remaining indices.

In the third example, the array is already beautiful, since $(i, i + 1)$ is a good pair for every $i$ from $1$ to $4$. Therefore, no operations are needed.